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2. Four per cent of families entirely foreign-language speaking

In 86 per cent of all families, the only parent or both parents are Finnish-speaking. Correspondingly, four per cent of families are entirely Swedish-speaking. Families where one spouse is Swedish-speaking and the other Finnish-speaking account for three per cent of all families. Combinations of Finnish and Swedish-speakers with other languages can be found in 3.5 per cent of all families. Families where both of the spouses or the only parent are foreign-language speakers number 55,600, which equals four per cent of all families.

In clearly more cases Swedish-speaking men have Finnish-speaking spouses than Swedish-speaking women Finnish-speaking spouses. The number of purely Swedish-speaking couples is only 3,945 higher than that of Finnish and Swedish-speaking couples.

Altogether, 28,800 Finnish or Swedish-speaking men are married to or cohabiting with a foreign-language speaking woman. The corresponding figure for women is 22,800. Marriages with foreign-language speakers have increased by 2,300.

Table 4. Families speaking Finnish, Swedish or other language in 1990–2014

Man/woman finnish speaking or foreign speaking	Year
	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2013	2014
Finnish speaking man and finnish speaking woman	1 088 742	1 081 473	1 089 232	1 105 316	1 114 828	1 113 618	1 109 685
Finnish speaking man and swedish speaking woman	16 544	16 876	17 394	17 904	18 337	18 496	18 500
Finnish speaking woman and swedish speaking man	22 734	22 822	23 445	24 218	24 552	24 738	24 753
Finnish speaking man and foreign speaking woman	4 020	7 636	11 094	16 062	21 772	25 753	26 997
Finnish speaking woman and foreign speaking man	5 951	8 679	10 236	13 181	17 441	20 354	21 290
Finnish speaking mother/father	162 209	174 554	174 861	166 741	161 302	158 547	158 414
Swedish speaking man and swedish speaking woman	53 348	50 845	49 198	48 190	47 881	47 434	47 198
Swedish speaking man and foreign speaking woman	300	483	655	982	1 434	1 735	1 803
Swedish speaking woman and foreign speaking man	410	597	678	943	1 261	1 471	1 537
Swedish speaking mother/father	8 489	8 871	8 609	8 147	7 953	7 750	7 867
Foreign speaking man and foreign speaking woman	1 832	7 425	11 668	16 944	27 638	37 375	40 893
Foreign speaking mother/father	762	2 709	4 893	7 374	10 674	13 768	14 729

2.1 Majority of foreign-language families are Russian speakers

The largest foreign-language group in Finland is made up of Russian speakers. At the end of 2014, there were 14,300 such Russian-speaking families in Finland in which the native language of the only parent or both parents was Russian. The number of families where either one of the spouses is Russian-speaking is slightly lower at 12,600. The number of Russian-speaking families is 648 higher than in the year before.

The number of Russian-speaking one-parent families is 4,100, which is 15 per cent of all Russian-speaking families. The number has grown by one hundred from the year before. Among Russian-speakers, one-parent families are clearly more common than one-parent families are of all one-parent families (12%). Of Russian-speaking one-parent families, 96 per cent are formed by mothers and children, while this is so for 83 per cent of all families.

The most common language combination among the Russian-speaking families is one where the husband and the wife speak Russian. In the course of 2014, the number of such couples has risen by 500. In 1990, there were only 300 Russian-speaking couples in Finland, today their number has gone up to 10,300.

The second most common language combination in Russian-speaking families is a Finnish-speaking husband and a Russian-speaking wife (8,400). It is still rare for a Finnish-speaking woman to have a Russian-speaking spouse. However, their number (1,500) has more than quadrupled from 1990.

2.2 Families of two foreign spouses more common than families of a Finnish woman or man and a foreign spouse

In only six per cent (82,300 families) of all families in Finland at least one of the spouses or the only parent is a foreign citizen. There were only 12,500 such families in Finland in 1990 and as many as 36,000 in 2000. In the past year, the number of such families has increased by 4,500. The number of families in which both the husband and wife are foreign nationals grew the most.

In the early 1990s, the most common combination in families of foreign citizens was one where the wife was a Finnish citizen and the husband a foreign citizen. The number of foreign families in which the wife was a foreign national and the husband a Finnish national was the largest at the beginning of the 2000s. In 2013, the most common combination in families of foreign citizens was still one where the husband is a Finnish citizen and the wife a foreign citizen. In 2014, families of two foreign spouses have become the most common family types of families of foreign citizens, though with a narrow margin. Now the number of families formed by two foreign spouses is 24,750 (Figure 3). No distinction is made between married and cohabiting couples in these statistics.

In families where at least one of the spouses or the only parent is a foreign citizen, the largest group of foreign citizens is families with Estonian citizens, 14,100. In turn, families of Russian citizens numbered 12,100.

Entirely foreign families, i.e. families where the only parent or both spouses are foreign citizens, total 34,100. There were 5,400 families where the only parent or both spouses are Russian citizens at the end of 2014. There were 8,800 entirely Estonian families of which 30 per cent were families consisting of mother and children only. The number of Estonian families increased by 700 from the year before.

Families of two Somali citizens or with one Somali parent numbered 1,150. The number of these families grew by 22 families from the previous year. More than one-half of the families of Somali citizens are families of mother and children only. Many of the Somali families that moved to Finland in the past have already lived in the country long enough to have been granted Finnish citizenship. On the basis of persons' mother tongue, there are 2,700 families where both of the spouses or one parent were originally Somali citizens.

Figure 3. Families of foreign citizens in 1990, 2004 and 2014

2.3 Women's and men's foreign-born spouses from different countries

An examination of countries of birth gives the best picture of the foreign spouses of Finns. However, it should be borne in mind that some originally Finnish citizens are also born abroad. Finnish-born men have 38,400 foreign-born spouses. The number has grown by 1,400 from the year before. Finnish-born women have 32,900 foreign-born spouses; the number having grown by 1,000. Today, Finnish men more often have spouses with foreign background than Finnish women.

The foreign-born spouses of Finnish men and women come from a variety of countries. The men's spouses have mainly been born in the neighbouring countries in west, east and south alike. Those born in the area of the former Soviet Union cannot be separated into Russians or Estonians (or those born in other republics of the former Soviet Union), because even the Estonians' country of birth is mostly the Soviet Union and a large number of the spouses from Estonia had already moved to Finland before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Finnish men have 12,100 spouses who were born in the former Soviet Union, Russia or Estonia, and 8,500 spouses who were born in Sweden. Spouses born in Thailand numbered 4,400, and their number has increased by 234 from the year before. The next most common countries of birth for the spouses were China, Germany, the Philippines, the United States, Poland and Vietnam.

Women's foreign-born spouses come from a larger variety of countries than men's spouses. The number of spouses born in Sweden is 8,700. Husbands born in the former Soviet Union, Russia and Estonia number 2,700, which is approximately one hundred more than in the year before. The next most frequent countries of birth of Finnish women' foreign spouses are Great Britain, Germany, Turkey and the USA.

Figure 4A. Foreign-born spouses of Finnish-born men by country of birth in 2014

Figure 4B. Foreign-born spouses of Finnish-born women by country of birth in 2014

Source: Population and Justice Statistics, Statistics Finland

Inquiries: Marjut Pietiläinen 029 551 2798, Timo Nikander 029 551 3250, info@stat.fi

Director in charge: Jari Tarkoma

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Updated 27.11.2015